essential orthopaedics edition 5th pdf
essential orthopaedics j maheshwari
J Maheshwari's Essential Orthopaedics
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Classification
The classification of the disorders of the elbow has been a topic of some debate since its inception in the nineteenth century and is still the subject of much controversy and frequent change. Even then, it is not easy to agree on exactly what the classification should include and, because of the complexity of this joint, there will always be areas of uncertainty as to the accurate pathologic diagnosis.
Radiological classification.
J Maheshwari
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Ankylosing spondylitis
Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disease involving the spine and sacroiliac joints. The two main diagnostic entities that are considered as forms of ankylosing spondylitis are ankylosing spondylitis and reactive arthritis (Reiter's syndrome). The earliest manifestations of the disease are usually chronic back pain, chest pain, and joint pain, which in some cases may include the uveitis or involvement of the eye. Ankylosing spondylitis is a systemic disease, and the immune system is not only involved in the early inflammatory phase but also in later phases that involve progressive bony ankylosis.
Other musculoskeletal disorders.
Ankylosing spondylitis is more common in men than in women. The age of onset is most commonly between 20 and 40 years. It is a disease of unknown etiology. Ankylosing spondylitis is usually associated with HLA-B27 antigen, a molecule that is found on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, and many of the clinical manifestations of the disease are associated with this antigen. Family and twin studies have shown that HLA-B27 positivity is a major risk factor for the disease, and it is also related to the severity be359ba680
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